From Yang-Mills Photon in Curved Spacetime to Dark Energy Density

From Yang-Mills Photon in Curved Spacetime to Dark Energy Density

ABSTRACT

We start from quantum field theory in curved spacetime to derive a new Einstein-like energy mass relation of the type E=γmc² where γ=1/22 is a Yang-Mills Lorentzian factor, m is the mass and c is the velocity of light. Although quantum field in curved spacetime is not a complete quantum gravity theory, our prediction here of 95.4545% dark energy missing in the cosmos is almost in complete agreement with the WMAP and supernova measurements. Finally, it is concluded that the WMAP and type 1a supernova 4.5% measured energy is the ordinary energy density of the quantum particle while the 95.5% missing dark energy is the energy density of the quantum wave. Recalling that measurement leads to quantum wave collapse, it follows that dark energy as given by E(D) = mc²(21/22) cannot be detected using conventional direct measurement although its antigravity effect is manifested through the increasing rather than decreasing speed of cosmic expansion.

KEYWORDS

Yang-Mills Theory; Dark Energy; Quantum Field in Curved Space; String Theory

To continue reading the paper please downloads it from here

Cite this paper

M. Naschie, "From Yang-Mills Photon in Curved Spacetime to Dark Energy Density," Journal of Quantum Information Science, Vol. 3 No. 4, 2013, pp. 121-126. doi: 10.4236/jqis.2013.34016.

References

[1]	L. Amendola and S. Tsujikawa, “Dark Energy: Theory and Observations,” Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511750823
[2]	N. D. Birrell and P. C. Davies, “Quantum Fields in Curved Space,” Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994.
[3]	R. Wald, “Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime and Black Hole Thermodynamics,” The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1994.
[4]	G. ‘t Hooft, “50 Years of Yang-Mills Theory,” World Scientific, Singapore, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/5601
[5]	G. ‘t Hooft, “Under the Spell of Gauge Principle,” World Scientific, Singapore, 1994.
[6]	D. Oriti, “Quantum Gravity,” Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009.
[7]	R. Penrose, “The Road to Reality,” Jonathan Cape, London, 2004.
[8]	L. Nottale, “Scale Relativity,” Imperial College Press, London, 2011.
[9]	L. Marek-Crnjac, et al., “Chaotic Fractals at the Root of Relativistic Quantum Physics and Cosmology,” IJMNTA, Vol. 2, No. 1A, 2013, pp. 78-88.
[10]	J. H. He and L. Marek-Crnjac, “Mohamed El Naschie’s Revision of Albert Einstein’s E = mc2: A Definite Resolution of the Mystery of the Missing Dark Energy of the Cosmos,” IJMNTA, No. 1, 2013, pp. 55-59.
[11]	L. Marek-Crnjac, “Modification of Einstein’s E = mc2 to E = mc2/22,” American Journal of Modern Physics, Vol. 2, No. 5, 2013, pp. 255-263.
[12]	M. S. El Naschie, “The Quantum Gravity Immirzi Parameter— A General Physical and Topological Interpretation,” Gravitation and Cosmology, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2013, pp. 151-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0202289313030031
[13]	M. S. El Naschie, “What Is the Missing Dark Energy in a Nutshell and the Hawking-Hartle Quantum Wave Collapse,” International Journal of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2013, pp. 205-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2013.33024
[14]	M. S. El Naschie, “Dark Energy from Kaluza-Klein Spacetime and Noether’s Theorem via Lagrangian Multiplier Method,” Journal of Modern Physics, Vol. 4, No. 6, 2013, pp. 757-760. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2013.46103
[15]	M. S. El Naschie and A. Helal, “Dark Energy Explained via the Hawking-Hartle Quantum Wave and the Topology of Cosmic Crystallography,” International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2013, pp. 318-343.
[16]	S. Weinberg, “Cosmology,” Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008.
[17]	M. S. El Naschie, “On the Unification of the Fundamental Forces and Complex Time in E-Infinity Space,” Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Vol. 11, No. 7, 2000, pp. 1149-1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0779(99)00185-X
[18]	M. S. El Naschie, “Transfinite Neoimpressionistic Reality of Quantum Spacetime,” New Advances in Physics, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2007, pp. 111-122.
[19]	M. S. El Naschie, “On the Uncertainty of Cantorian Geometry and the Two-Slit Experiment,” Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1998, pp. 517-529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0779(97)00150-1
[20]	M. S. El Naschie, “Gravitational Instanton in Hilbert Space and the Mass of High Energy Elementary Particles,” Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Vol. 20, No. 5, 2004, pp. 917-923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2003.11.001
[21]	M. S. El Naschie, “How Gravitational Instanton Could Solve the Mass Problem of the Standard Model of High Energy Particle Physics,” Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2004, p. 249-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2003.12.001
[22]	M. S. El Naschie, “Topological Defects in the Symplictic Vacuum, Anomalous Positron Production and the Gravitational Instanton,” International Journal of Modern Physics E, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2004, pp. 835-849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0218301304002429
[23]	G. ‘t Hooft, “A Physical Interpretation of Gravitational Instantons,” Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 315, No. 2, 1989, pp. 577-527.
[24]	L. Marek-Crnjac, “On the Unification of All Fundamental Forces in a Fundamentally Fuzzy Cantorian E-Infinity Manifold and High Energy Particle Physics,” Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Vol. 20, No. 4, 2004, pp. 669-682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2003.10.013
[25]	M. Pusey, J. Barrett and T. Randolph, “On the Reality of Quantum State,” Nature Physics, Vol. 8, 2012, pp. 475-478.
[26]	M. S. El Naschie, “Topological-Geometrical and Physical Interpretation of the Dark Energy of the Cosmos as a “Halo” Energy of the Schrödinger Quantum Wave,” Journal of Modern Physics, Vol. 4, No. 5, 2013, pp. 591-596. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2013.45084
[27]	M. S. El Naschie, “Quantum Entanglement: Where Dark Energy and Negative Gravity Plus Accelerated Expansion of the Universe Comes from,” Journal of Quantum Information Science, Vol. 3, 2013, pp. 57-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jqis.2013.32011
[28]	M. S. El Naschie, “A Resolution of the Cosmic Dark Energy via a Quantum Entanglement Relativity Theory,” Journal of Quantum Information Science, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2013, pp. 23-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jqis.2013.31006